"New Renaissance international scientific and practical conference" - This collection is an international conference where original research and articles in various fields will be published. The main objective is to offer an intellectual platform for international scholars and promote interdisciplinary research in applied sciences. This conference is comprehensive in all areas. All manuscripts must be prepared in Uzbek, English, Russian, Karakalpak, Tajik, and German languages and must be thoroughly reviewed. It was registered as a mass media by the Information and Mass Communications Agency under the Administration of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan on 23.11.2023 with number #169503. Publication period: Monthly Publisher: "Modern Science and Research" LLC Journal telegram channel: https://t.me/newrenaissancejournal To send an article: @Sadoqat_Ergashova Telephone number: +99891982-31-31
MONETAR SIYOSATNING FOIZ STAVKASI KANALI VA UNING TIJORAT BANKLARI KREDITLASH FAOLIYATIGA TA’SIRI
Mazkur maqolada monetar siyosatning foiz stavkasi kanali va uning tijorat banklari kreditlash faoliyatiga ta’siri nazariy hamda amaliy jihatdan tahlil qilinadi. Tadqiqotda Markaziy bankning asosiy stavkasi, banklararo pul bozori stavkalari, tijorat banklarining kredit va depozit foiz stavkalari o‘rtasidagi bog‘liqlik o‘rganiladi. Shuningdek, foiz stavkasidagi o‘zgarishlarning kredit portfeli hajmi, jismoniy va yuridik shaxslarga ajratilayotgan kreditlar, kredit resurslari qiymati hamda banklarning likvidlik holatiga ta’siri baholanadi. Maqolada foiz stavkasi kanalining monetar transmissiya mexanizmidagi o‘rni yoritilib, O‘zbekiston bank tizimida uning samaradorligini cheklayotgan omillar aniqlanadi. Jumladan, imtiyozli kreditlash dasturlari, bank sektorida davlat ulushining yuqoriligi, moliyaviy bozorlarning yetarli darajada rivojlanmagani, inflyatsion kutilmalar va kreditlarga bo‘lgan talab foiz stavkasi kanalining ta’sirchanligiga ta’sir ko‘rsatishi asoslanadi. Tadqiqot yakunida tijorat banklari kreditlash faoliyatida foiz siyosati ta’sirini kuchaytirish, kredit stavkalarining asosiy stavkaga moslashuvchanligini oshirish hamda monetar transmissiya mexanizmini takomillashtirish bo‘yicha amaliy takliflar ishlab chiqiladi.
THE ROLE OF SYMBOLISM AS A LITERARY CATEGORY IN TEXTUAL INTERPRETATION
In literal level of language, symbolism is one of the crusial categories in order to illustrate complicated meanings. With the help of symbols, writers provide artistic richness, polysemy, complex emotions, invisible truths and deep emotions in their works. Symbolism can change simple components into meaningful elements and it brings reflection and interpretation. This writing focuses on symbolism as a literary category and eximanes its significant interpretive functions in literary works. The study depicts that how symbolism describes psychological states, abstract concepts, transmit cultural values and simplify major interpretations of literary works. This work also highlights literary works that describe a number of major representations of symbolism such as faith, survival in Life of Pi and hopes, unattainable American dream in The Great Gatsby.
ПОСЛОЙНАЯ ОБЪЯСНИМАЯ МОДЕЛЬ МАШИННОГО ОБУЧЕНИЯ ДЛЯ РАННЕЙ СТРАТИФИКАЦИИ МАТЕРИНСКОГО РИСКА В УЗБЕКИСТАНЕ
Материнский риск в Узбекистане распределён неравномерно, а валидированных для страны ML-моделей нет. Предложена послойная объяснимая модель (M1–M5) на основе градиентного бустинга, где каждый слой добавляет источник данных (базовый, клинический, социальный, экологический и динамический). Разработка выполнена на открытых данных DHS, набор материнского риска UCI/Бангладеш и синтетике MaternaUZ (n = 4 812). Дискриминация росла с ROC-AUC 0,66 (M1) до 0,97 (M5), индекс Brier улучшался с 0,21 до 0,06; ведущие факторы по SHAP – анемия, артериальное давление, число беременностей, удалённость от стационара. Модель готова к валидации на реальных данных DMED.
YOSH AKROBATIKACHILARDA QO‘LLARDA TIK TURISH MASHQLARINI O‘RGATISH
Mamlakatimiz mustaqillikni qo‘lga kiritgach, aholi salomatligini yaxshilash, sport mashg‘ulotlarini targ‘ib qilish orqali sog‘lom avlodni tarbiyalash, professional sportchilar hamda butun mamlakat aholisini sport bilan shug‘ullanishlari uchun zarur shart-sharoitlar yaratish masalalari ustuvor yo‘nalishlar bo‘lib kelmoqda. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidentining 2022-yil 23-dekabrdagi PQ-449-sonli “Gimnastika sport turlarini yanada rivojlantirish chora-tadbirlari to‘g‘risida” Qarorida Mamlakatimizda bolalarning jismoniy tarbiya va sport madaniyatini rivojlantirishning samarali bosqichi bo‘lgan aholi salomatligini yaxshilash uchun jismoniy tarbiya va sportning roli oshirildi va bu jarayon davom etmoqda.
A HYBRID FORECASTING MODEL FOR GOLD PRICE PREDICTION
Gold price forecasting remains a challenging task due to the nonlinear and dynamic nature of financial markets. While technical indicators are widely used to support investment decisions, their predictive performance is often limited when applied individually. This study proposes a hybrid forecasting framework that integrates traditional technical indicators with ensemble machine learning algorithms to improve the prediction of XAU/USD price movements. Historical daily gold price data spanning from July 2023 to March 2026 were collected, and a set of technical features, including the Relative Strength Index (RSI), Moving Average Convergence Divergence (MACD), MACD Signal, Bollinger Bands, and calendar-based variables, were engineered. Standalone technical indicator models were first evaluated as baseline benchmarks, followed by the implementation of Random Forest, XGBoost, and Gradient Boosting models. A 5-fold time series cross-validation strategy was employed to ensure robust model evaluation while preserving the chronological order of the data. The results show that ensemble machine learning models generally outperformed traditional technical indicator approaches. Among the baseline models, Bollinger Bands achieved the highest classification accuracy of 57.53%, while the proposed hybrid model combining Random Forest and Gradient Boosting achieved the best overall performance with an accuracy of 60.14%. Feature importance and SHAP analyses identified Bollinger Band variables, particularly the lower band (BB_Low), as the most influential predictors, emphasizing the importance of volatility-related information in gold price forecasting. The proposed framework demonstrates that combining technical indicators with ensemble machine learning techniques can improve directional prediction accuracy and provide a practical decision-support tool for financial market participants.
THOMAS MALORY AND THE FOUNDATIONS OF ARTHURIAN ROMANCE
This comprehensive academic thesis examines the definitive role of Sir Thomas Malory’s late fifteenth-century masterpiece, Le Morte d'Arthur, in constructing the unified structural, stylistic, and ideological foundations of Arthurian romance. Writing amidst the catastrophic socio-political fracture of the Wars of the Roses, Malory systematically compiled, translated, and radicalized disparate materials into a singular, cohesive prose epic. This study explores the socio-historical context governing Malory’s retrospective nostalgia, details the structural and ethical mechanisms of the Round Table via the Pentecostal Oath, evaluates the tragic triad of Arthur, Lancelot, and Guinevere, and analyzes how Malory’s innovative English prose permanently shifted Arthurian myth from medieval episodic romance into an enduring pillar of Western secular literature.
CONTRIBUTION OF DONALD BARTHELME IN FOLKLORE SYSTEM OF POSTMODERN LITERATURE
This thesis explores the contribution of Donald Barthelme’s short stories “The School” (1974) and The “Glass Mountain” (1970) to the transformation of folklore in postmodern literature. As one of the most innovative American postmodern writers, Barthelme reimagines traditional folklore through fragmentation, parody, irony, and intertextuality, demonstrating that folklore functions as a dynamic cultural system rather than a fixed body of inherited narratives. “The Glass Mountain” is a postmodern reworking of the European folktale motif of the hero who climbs an enchanted mountain to obtain a magical reward. While preserving recognizable folkloric elements such as the impossible quest, the heroic figure, and the symbolic princess, Barthelme deliberately subverts readers’ expectations through fragmented narration, urban imagery, and an ironic ending. The traditional heroic journey is transformed into a critique of modern social values, suggesting that contemporary reality resists the moral certainty and narrative closure associated with classical folklore. Similarly, “The School” incorporates folkloric patterns related to the universal themes of life, death, renewal, and communal storytelling. Although the narrative is set in an ordinary classroom, the repeated cycle of death and rebirth evokes archetypal motifs commonly found in myths and oral traditions. Barthelme combines absurdity with philosophical reflection, inviting readers to interpret these recurring events as symbolic expressions of the human search for meaning in an unpredictable world. The story demonstrates how folklore can survive in modern fiction through symbolic structures rather than direct retellings of traditional tales. The paper argues that Barthelme’s reinterpretation of folkloric motifs reflects one of the central principles of postmodernism: the continuous reconstruction of cultural narratives. His use of intertextuality and metafiction transforms folklore into an open system of meanings that encourages multiple interpretations instead of presenting universal truths. Consequently, Barthelme expands the literary function of folklore by integrating traditional motifs into experimental narrative forms that address contemporary cultural, philosophical, and existential concerns.
BO‘LAJAK TARBIYACHILARNING KASBIY MAHORATINI OSHIRISHGA IVEN TEXNOLOGIYASI ASOSIDA YO‘NALTIRILGAN IJODIY MASHQLARDAN FOYDALANISH
Ushbu maqolada maktabgacha ta’lim tizimida faoliyat yurituvchi bo‘lajak tarbiyachilarning kasbiy mahoratini oshirishda IVEN texnologiyasi asosidagi ijodiy mashqlardan foydalanish metodikasi tahlil qilinadi. Maqolada IVEN texnologiyasining har bir komponenti mohiyati yoritilgan hamda ularning bo‘lajak tarbiyachilarning kasbiy kompetentligini shakllantirishdagi ahamiyati asoslab berilgan. Taklif etilgan metodika tarbiyachilarni o‘z kasbiy faoliyatlarida innovatsion, kreativ va samarali yechimlar topishga undash, ularda bolalar bilan ishlashda zarur bo‘lgan empatiya, kommunikativlik va moslashuvchanlik kabi sifatlarni rivojlantirishga qaratilgan.
ВИРТУАЛЬНЫЕ ЭКСКУРСИИ НА УРОКАХ МУЗЫКИ ИЗ КЛАССНОЙ КОМНАТЫ В САМЫЕ ИЗВЕСТНЫЕ ТЕАТРЫ И КОНЦЕРТНЫЕ ЗАЛЫ МИРА.
В статье рассматривается инновационный метод интеграции информационно-коммуникационных технологий в процесс музыкального образования в общеобразовательной школе — организация виртуальных экскурсий в ведущие мировые театры и концертные залы. Автор обосновывает актуальность использования трехмерных панорам, интерактивных 3D-туров и цифровых платформ для преодоления территориальных и социокультурных барьеров восприятия академического искусства. В работе раскрывается педагогический потенциал данного метода, описывается его встраивание в учебный процесс и детально структурирован алгоритм проведения урока-экскурсии с учетом требований современных образовательных стандартов.
BOLALAR XOR JAMOASIDA QO‘SHIQ O‘RGATISH METODLARI.
Mazkur maqolada bolalar xor jamoalariga qo‘shiq o‘rgatishning pedagogik va metodik asoslari ilmiy nuqtai nazardan tahlil qilingan. Xor rahbarining mashg‘ulotlarga tayyorgarligi, repertuar tanlash mezonlari, vokal-xor mashqlarini tashkil etish hamda qo‘shiqni bosqichma-bosqich o‘rgatish metodlari yoritilgan. Tadqiqot davomida bolalar ovozining fiziologik xususiyatlari, musiqiy eshituvni rivojlantirish, sof intonatsiyaga erishish, to‘g‘ri nafas olish, diksiya va ansambl uyg‘unligini shakllantirishning nazariy hamda amaliy jihatlari tahlil qilindi. Shuningdek, bir ovozli kuylashdan ikki ovozli ijroga bosqichma-bosqich o‘tish, kanon usulidan foydalanish hamda xalq qo‘shiqlarini xor repertuariga kiritishning samaradorligi asoslab berildi. Mazkur maqola umumta'lim maktablari, bolalar musiqa va san'at maktablari, xor studiyalari rahbarlari hamda musiqa ta'limi yo‘nalishida tahsil olayotgan talabalar uchun metodik tavsiya sifatida amaliy ahamiyatga ega.
LINGUO-COGNITIVE ANALYSIS OF THE CONCEPT "WISDOM" IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK PROVERBS
This thesis kind of presents a linguo-cognitive comparison of the idea of “wisdom” the way it shows up in English and Uzbek proverbial talk. The results suggest that both paremiological systems treat wisdom as a top cognitive, moral, maybe even supreme kind of value, set against folly. But in English sayings, prudence, lived experience, and pragmatic restraint get more emphasis. In Uzbek proverbs wisdom is more tied to age, the spoken word, and inherited communal counsel. Overall, the comparison shows there are common cognitive universals too, alongside culture specific conceptual highlights.
DIAGNOSTIC CAPABILITIES OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING AND MODERN APPROACHES
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is one of the most accurate imaging modalities for the detection and characterization of liver metastases. This article reviews the diagnostic capabilities of MRI and discusses modern imaging approaches used in the evaluation of metastatic liver disease. Advanced MRI techniques, including diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) mapping, dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging, and hepatocyte-specific contrast agents, significantly improve the detection of small metastatic lesions and increase diagnostic accuracy. MRI also provides detailed information about lesion morphology, extent, and relationship with surrounding anatomical structures, making it an essential tool for disease staging and treatment planning. Despite certain limitations, MRI remains an indispensable imaging modality in modern oncological practice and contributes to improved patient management and clinical outcomes.
NUTQIY DISFUNKSIYASI BO‘LGAN BOLALARDA KORTIZOL DARAJASI, MAYDA MOTORIKA VA SENSOR-MOTOR KORREKSIYANING FIZIOLOGIK SAMARADORLIGI
Mazkur tezisda maktabgacha yoshdagi bolalarda nutqiy disfunksiyalar shakllanishida neyroendokrin zo‘riqish, kortizol konsentratsiyasi, mayda motorika va sensor-motor integratsiyaning o‘rni yoritilgan. Tadqiqot natijalari nutq buzilishlari og‘irlashgan sari kortizol darajasi va stress indeksi ortishini, alfa/teta nisbatining pasayishini hamda mayda motorika ko‘rsatkichlari bilan nutq funksiyalari o‘rtasida ishonchli bog‘liqlik mavjudligini ko‘rsatdi. Olti oylik sensor-motor korreksion mashg‘ulotlardan so‘ng alfa va beta ritmlari oshib, teta-faollik kamaydi, NDI ko‘rsatkichlari esa barcha nutq disfunksiyasi shakllarida ijobiy tomonga o‘zgardi.
O‘ZBEKISTON SPORT HUQUQIDA SPORTCHINI VAQTINCHA IJARAGA OLISH INSTITUTINI TAKOMILLASHTIRISH ISTIQBOLLARI
Mazkur maqolada O‘zbekiston sport huquqida sportchini vaqtincha ijaraga olish institutining huquqiy tabiati, amaldagi tartibga solishdagi bo‘shliqlar va uni takomillashtirish istiqbollari ilmiy-nazariy jihatdan tahlil qilinadi. Muallif sportchini vaqtincha ijaraga olishni oddiy mulkiy ijara shartnomasi emas, balki sportchi, asosiy klub va qabul qiluvchi klub manfaatlari kesishadigan kompleks, aralash va sui generis shartnomaviy konstruktsiya sifatida baholaydi. Maqolada olimlarning sport shartnomalari, transfer tizimi, vaqtinchalik o‘tish va mehnat funksiyasining xususiyati haqidagi qarashlari asosida O‘zbekiston qonunchiligini takomillashtirish bo‘yicha nazariy va amaliy takliflar ishlab chiqiladi.
Maqolada madaniyat, milliy kolorit va milliy nutqning badiiy asarda namoyon bo‘lishi yoritib berilgan. Madaniyatning kolorit bilan uyg‘unligi asosli fikrlar bilan keltirilgan. Yosh o‘zbek nasrda ijodkorlarning badiiy asarlarida milliy ruhga va milliy xarakter g‘oyaviy jihatdan ifodalanishi ochib berilgan.
This thesis examines American fiction within the cultural and aesthetic framework of Modernism. It argues that American modernist prose transformed the inherited realist novel by representing crisis, fragmentation, urban speed, social disillusionment, and unstable identity through new narrative techniques. The study connects historical context with literary form: war, industrial modernity, migration, capitalism, and the crisis of the American Dream shaped prose fiction. Works by F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, William Faulkner, John Dos Passos, and Harlem Renaissance writers show that American Modernism was a diverse movement united by experimentation.
КОМПЛЕКСНЫЙ ПОДХОД К ПРОГНОЗИРОВАНИЮ ОТДАЛЁННЫХ ПОСЛЕДСТВИЙ ПЕРИНАТАЛЬНОЙ ПАТОЛОГИИ ЦНС
Перинатальные поражения центральной нервной системы (ЦНС) остаются ведущей причиной в структуре детской хронической заболеваемости и инвалидизации. Мультифакторная этиология и сложность патогенетических молекулярных механизмов значительно усложняют раннюю топическую и функциональную диагностику, а также верификацию прогностических критериев отдаленного нейроонтогенетического исхода.
IQTISODIY JINOYATLAR UCHUN JAVOBGARLIK TIZIMINI TAKOMILLASHTIRISHNING O‘ZIGA XOS XUSUSIYATLARI
Maqolada O‘zbekiston Respublikasida iqtisodiy jinoyatlar uchun javobgarlik tizimini takomillashtirishning huquqiy asoslari tahlil qilinadi. Unda iqtisodiy jinoyatlarning jamiyat va davlat barqarorligiga ta’siri, ularni oldini olishda amaldagi qonunchilikning o‘rni hamda sud-huquq islohotlarining samaradorligi yoritilgan.
ПОВЫШЕНИЕ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ ИННОВАЦИОННЫМИ ИНФРАСТРУКТУРНЫМИ ПРОЕКТАМИ НА ОСНОВЕ МОДЕЛЕЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННО-ЧАСТНОГО ПАРТНЁРСТВА.
В данном тезисе рассматриваются теоретические и практические вопросы повышения эффективности управления инновационными инфраструктурными проектами на основе использования моделей государственно-частного партнёрства. Актуальность темы обусловлена тем, что развитие современной экономики требует активного внедрения цифровых технологий, модернизации транспортной, энергетической, коммунальной и социальной инфраструктуры, а также привлечения долгосрочных инвестиционных ресурсов. В условиях ограниченности бюджетных возможностей государственно-частное партнёрство выступает одним из наиболее эффективных механизмов объединения интересов государства, частного бизнеса и общества. В работе обосновано, что применение моделей ГЧП позволяет не только привлечь дополнительные финансовые ресурсы, но и повысить качество управления проектами за счёт использования управленческого опыта, технологических решений и инновационного потенциала частного сектора. Государство при этом обеспечивает нормативно-правовую поддержку, формирует общественно значимые цели, создаёт институциональные условия и контролирует достижение социально-экономических результатов. Частный партнёр, в свою очередь, участвует в финансировании, проектировании, строительстве, эксплуатации и технологическом обновлении инфраструктурных объектов.
SUN’IY INTELLEKT SHAROITIDA MEHNAT HUQUQLARINI HUQUQIY TA’MINLASH
Mazkur maqolada sun’iy intellekt texnologiyalarining jadal rivojlanishi sharoitida mehnat huquqlarini huquqiy ta’minlash masalalari tahlil qilinadi. Unda sun’iy intellektning mehnat munosabatlariga ta’siri, avtomatlashtirish natijasida ish o’rinlarining o’zgarishi, algoritmik boshqaruv va ishga qabul qilishda kamsitish xavflari yoritib beriladi. Shuningdek, xodimlarning shaxsiy ma’lumotlarini himoya qilish, raqamli nazorat va xususiylik huquqi, hamda sun’iy intellekt sharoitida mehnat qonunchiligini takomillashtirish zarurati ko’rib chiqiladi. Maqolada milliy va xalqaro tajriba asosida mehnat huquqlarini huquqiy kafolatlash yo’llari asoslab beriladi hamda mavzu yuzasidan xulosalar ishlab chiqiladi.
KONSTITUTSIYAVIY ISLOHOTLAR SHAROITIDA FUQAROLARNING MEHNAT HUQUQLARINI TA’MINLASHNING HUQUQIY MEXANIZMLARI
Mazkur maqolada konstitutsiyaviy islohotlar sharoitida fuqarolarning mehnat huquqlarini ta’minlashning huquqiy mexanizmlari tahlil qilinadi. Unda 2023-yilda qabul qilingan yangi tahrirdagi O’zbekiston Respublikasi Konstitutsiyasida ijtimoiy davlat prinsipining mustahkamlanishi, mehnat qilish erkinligi, adolatli mehnat sharoitlari va ishsizlikdan himoyalanish huquqining konstitutsiyaviy kafolatlari yoritib beriladi. Shuningdek, mehnat huquqlarini himoya qilishning sud, ma’muriy va nazorat mexanizmlari, gender tengligi hamda ijtimoiy himoya masalalari ko’rib chiqiladi. Maqolada mehnat huquqlarini ta’minlashning huquqiy mexanizmlarini takomillashtirish yo’llari asoslab beriladi va mavzu yuzasidan xulosalar ishlab chiqiladi.
RAQAMLI IQTISODIYOT SHAROITIDA MEHNAT MUNOSABATLARINI HUQUQIY TARTIBGA SOLISHNING DOLZARB MASALALARI
Mazkur maqolada raqamli iqtisodiyotning rivojlanishi sharoitida mehnat munosabatlarini huquqiy tartibga solishning dolzarb masalalari tahlil qilinadi. Unda raqamli texnologiyalarning mehnat munosabatlariga ta’siri, masofaviy va platformali bandlikning huquqiy maqomi, elektron mehnat shartnomasi va “Yagona milliy mehnat tizimi” orqali rasmiylashtirish tartibi yoritib beriladi. Shuningdek, platforma orqali ishlovchilarning ijtimoiy himoyasi, xodimlarning shaxsiy ma’lumotlarini himoya qilish hamda mehnat qonunchiligini raqamli davr talablariga moslashtirish zarurati ko’rib chiqiladi. Maqolada milliy va xalqaro tajriba asosida mehnat munosabatlarini huquqiy tartibga solishni takomillashtirish yo’llari asoslab beriladi va mavzu yuzasidan xulosalar ishlab chiqiladi.
MODERN ASSESSMENT METHODS IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING
This article examines modern assessment methods used in English language teaching and their role in improving the quality of education. It discusses the theoretical and practical aspects of formative, summative, diagnostic, authentic, and digital assessment. The study also highlights the application of artificial intelligence and online assessment platforms in evaluating learners' language proficiency. Modern assessment approaches not only measure students' knowledge but also support their continuous learning, critical thinking, and communicative competence. Based on international educational practices, the article provides practical recommendations for improving assessment systems in English language teaching.
ADABIYOTDA MILLIY QADRIYATLARNING AKS ETISHI
Mazkur maqolada o'zbek adabiyotida milliy qadriyatlarning badiiy aks etishi, ularning tarixiy taraqqiyoti hamda zamonaviy adabiyotdagi talqini tahlil qilinadi. Adabiyot xalqning ma'naviy xotirasi sifatida milliy qadriyatlarni saqlash, yosh avlodga yetkazish va rivojlantirishda muhim vosita hisoblanadi. Tadqiqot davomida mumtoz, jadid va mustaqillik davri adabiyoti namunalarida milliy qadriyatlarning ifodalanish usullari qiyosiy tahlil qilinadi. Shuningdek, milliy o'zlik, Vatanga muhabbat, oila, urf-odatlar, insonparvarlik va ma'naviy meros kabi qadriyatlarning badiiy asarlarda aks etish xususiyatlari yoritiladi.
RAQAMLI TRANSFORMATSIYA SHAROITIDA SOLIQ NAZORATINI TAKOMILLASHTIRISH VA YASHIRIN IQTISODIYOTNI QISQARTIRISH YO‘LLARI
Mazkur tezisda raqamli transformatsiya sharoitida soliq nazoratini takomillashtirish hamda yashirin iqtisodiyot ko‘lamini qisqartirish masalalari tahlil qilinadi. Tadqiqotda elektron hisobvaraq-faktura, onlayn nazorat-kassa texnikalari, raqamli markirovka, elektron soliq hisobotlari, avtomatlashtirilgan risk-tahlil, idoralararo ma’lumot almashinuvi hamda sun’iy intellekt texnologiyalarining soliq nazoratidagi ahamiyati yoritilgan. Shuningdek, O‘zbekistonda soliq tushumlari dinamikasi, yashirin iqtisodiyotning mavjud ko‘lami va raqamlashtirish natijasida yuzaga kelayotgan ijobiy o‘zgarishlar statistik ma’lumotlar asosida baholangan. Tezis yakunida soliq nazoratini yanada samarali tashkil etish, yashirin aylanmalarni aniqlash va soliq intizomini kuchaytirish bo‘yicha ilmiy-amaliy takliflar ishlab chiqilgan.
KONSTITUTSIYADA INSON QADRI VA IJTIMOIY DAVLAT TAMOYILLARINING HUQUQIY MAZMUNI
Mazkur maqolada yangi tahrirdagi O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Konstitutsiyasida mustahkamlangan inson qadri va ijtimoiy davlat tamoyillarining huquqiy mazmuni tahlil qilinadi. Unda inson, uning hayoti, erkinligi, sha’ni va qadr-qimmatining oliy qadriyat sifatida e’tirof etilishi, inson huquq va erkinliklarini ta’minlash davlatning oliy maqsadi ekanligi yoritib beriladi. Shuningdek, ijtimoiy davlat tamoyilining konstitutsiyaviy asoslari, uni amalga oshirish mexanizmlari, ijtimoiy himoya, munosib turmush darajasi va ijtimoiy adolatni ta’minlash masalalari, ushbu tamoyillarni himoya qiluvchi huquqiy kafolatlar hamda xorijiy davlatlar tajribasi ko‘rib chiqiladi. Maqolada ikki tamoyilning o‘zaro uzviy bog‘liqligi asoslab beriladi va mavzu yuzasidan xulosalar ishlab chiqiladi.
OILAVIY ZO‘RAVONLIKKA QARSHI KURASHDA QONUNCHILIKNING O‘RNI
Mazkur maqolada oilaviy (maishiy) zo‘ravonlikka qarshi kurashda qonunchilikning o‘rni va ahamiyati tahlil qilinadi. Unda O‘zbekistonda ushbu sohadagi huquqiy bazaning shakllanish bosqichlari, “Xotin-qizlarni tazyiq va zo‘ravonlikdan himoya qilish to‘g‘risida”gi Qonun qoidalari, himoya orderi instituti, Jinoyat va Ma’muriy javobgarlik to‘g‘risidagi kodekslarga kiritilgan oilaviy zo‘ravonlik uchun javobgarlik normalari yoritib beriladi. Shuningdek, sud amaliyoti tahlili asosida qonunchilikni qo‘llashdagi mavjud muammolar aniqlanadi hamda ularni bartaraf etish yuzasidan takliflar ishlab chiqiladi.
THE AMERICAN DREAM AS A SOURCE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL CONFLICT
This article examines the American Dream as a source of psychological conflict in American literature. Although the American Dream is traditionally associated with opportunity, success, and self-realization, literary representations often reveal its darker psychological consequences. The study explores how excessive ambition, unrealistic expectations, and social pressure contribute to identity crises, emotional instability, and personal dissatisfaction. Through qualitative literary analysis of selected American literary texts, particularly F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby and Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman, the research investigates the psychological tensions experienced by individuals pursuing socially constructed ideals of success. The findings demonstrate that the American Dream functions not only as a cultural aspiration but also as a psychological burden that shapes human behavior and self-perception. The study concludes that the pursuit of unattainable ideals frequently generates inner conflict and emotional disillusionment.
CONCEPTUAL AND CULTURAL VARIATION IN EVERYDAY METAPHORS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ENGLISH AND UZBEK
This study investigates the conceptual and cultural variation of everyday metaphors in English and Uzbek, focusing on their implications for translation. Drawing on cognitive linguistics and translation theory, particularly the work of George Lakoff and Eugene Nida, the research examines how metaphorical expressions used in daily communication reflect underlying conceptual systems. The analysis distinguishes between universal metaphors grounded in embodied human experience and culture-specific metaphors shaped by socio-cultural context. Using a qualitative comparative methodology, the study analyzes over 30 metaphorical expressions across semantic, cognitive, and functional dimensions. The findings demonstrate that while universal metaphors allow for direct translation with minimal loss, culture-bound metaphors require adaptive strategies such as substitution, paraphrasing, or functional equivalence. Significant divergences are observed in domains such as emotion, temperature, and food-related metaphors, revealing differences in linguistic worldview. The study contributes to translation studies by proposing a structured model for analyzing metaphor equivalence in everyday discourse and offers practical implications for translators working across typologically and culturally distinct languages.
COMMON CHALLENGES IN TEACHING SPEAKING SKILLS WITHIN THE COMMUNICATIVE APPROACH
This thesis is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of the main challenges arising in the process of teaching speaking skills within the communicative approach. The main aim of the study is to identify methodological, psychological, and organizational barriers encountered in classroom practice, as well as to provide a scientific justification for effective ways of overcoming them. The methodological framework of the study is based on theoretical analysis and pedagogical observation. It also examines mechanisms for developing communication through role-plays, pair and group work, and problem-solving activities. The results of the study show that the communicative approach increases learners’ oral activity and has a positive impact on their ability to speak freely and confidently.
THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF PROVERBS AND SAYINGS IN TRANSLATION
This paper examines the theoretical aspects of translating proverbs and sayings, focusing on their linguistic, semantic, and cultural characteristics. Proverbs represent fixed expressions reflecting national worldview, traditions, and values. Their translation requires not only linguistic competence but also intercultural awareness. The study analyzes major translation strategies, including equivalence, adaptation, literal translation, and descriptive rendering. Special attention is given to functional and communicative approaches in translation theory. The research is based on recognized linguistic and translation studies sources.
ТУРЛИ ЁШ КОНТИНГЕНТЛАРИДА РИВОЖЛАНГАН ЦЕРЕБРОВАСКУЛЯР КАСАЛЛИКЛАРДА БУЙРАКЛАРНИ МОРФОМЕТРИК КЎРСАТКИЧЛАРИ
Цереброваскуляр касалликларда буйракларни ёшга доир патоморфологик ўзгаришларни мультиплексли морфометрик кўрсаткичлар асосида таҳлили шуни кўрсатадики, ЦВК да буйракларни ёшга доир деградациясини морфометрик кўрсаткичларида асосий жиҳатлар, катта ёшли 60-74 ва кекса ёшдаги 75-90 ёшли беморларда цереброваскуляр касалликлардан кейин буйракни паренхимасида инволютив ўзгаришлар, нефросклероз туфайли функционал фаолиятини йўқотганлигини исботлайди. Бу эса, ЦВК да ривожланган ишемик инсультларда катта ёшли ва кекса ёшлиларда буйракларни фильтрацион кўрсаткичлари критик даражада пасайиши (соатига 30мл/1 дан пасайиши ) ни исботлайди.
POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE POLITENESS STRATEGIES IN JANE AUSTEN'S “EMMA”
This study examines the use of positive and negative politeness strategies in Jane Austen's Emma from the perspective of pragmatic linguistics. Based on Brown and Levinson's Politeness Theory, the research investigates how the novel's characters employ different politeness strategies to maintain interpersonal relationships, express respect, and negotiate social hierarchy. The analysis focuses on selected dialogues involving Emma Woodhouse, Mr. Knightley, Harriet Smith, and Mr. Elton, illustrating how politeness contributes to characterization and narrative development. The findings reveal that positive politeness strategies strengthen solidarity and mutual understanding, whereas negative politeness strategies help preserve personal autonomy and minimize face-threatening acts. The study concludes that Austen deliberately employs politeness strategies to portray the social values, gender roles, and cultural conventions of Regency England while enriching the communicative depth of her characters.
PARODY AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE DETECTIVE GENRE IN THE WORKS OF PAUL AUSTER AND DON DELILLO
This article examines how Paul Auster and Don DeLillo reshape the traditional detective story. The research focuses on the parodic transformation of the genre, where classic elements like the brilliant investigator and the solved crime are turned upside down. The study uses a comparative and qualitative approach to reach its conclusions. The analysis focuses on the “anti-detective” style, where the focus shifts from finding a criminal to exploring the mind of the hunter. The results show that the work of Paul Auster and Don DeLillo fundamentally changes the purpose of a mystery story. The findings indicate that these parodies do not aim to satisfy the reader with a solution. Instead, the results highlight a shift toward postmodern doubt, where the detective becomes a symbol of human limitation.
THE SYMBOL OF THE SEA IN JAMES FENIMORE COOPER’S NOVELS
This research investigates the artistic, philosophical, and symbolic importance of the sea in the novels of James Fenimore Cooper. The study examines how Cooper employs maritime imagery to represent complex ideas such as freedom, danger, moral responsibility, spiritual struggle, and the dynamic relationship between humanity and the natural world. Rather than functioning only as a physical setting, the sea serves as a powerful symbolic element that influences the actions, emotions, and development of the characters throughout the narratives. The analysis focuses primarily The Pilot, The Red Rover, and The Sea Lions, exploring how the symbolic meaning of the sea develops across these works. Particular attention is given to the ways in which Cooper uses the maritime environment to reflect both individual and social conflicts, as well as broader philosophical questions concerning identity, courage, faith, and survival. Using literary analysis together with a comparative approach, this research identifies similarities and differences in the symbolic functions of the sea across the selected novels. The findings suggest that the sea is far more than a geographical background; it is a central artistic and symbolic force that drives the narrative, develops the major themes, and contributes significantly to the evolution of American literary tradition. Ultimately, the study highlights Cooper's distinctive contribution to maritime literature and emphasizes the enduring importance of sea symbolism in understanding his works.
THE SEMANTIC, SYMBOLIC, AND STEREOTYPICAL PROPERTIES OF LEXICAL UNITS IN UZBEK FOLK PROVERBS
A linguistic unit – specifically the lexeme – embodies not only objective-logical meaning but also the historical experience, worldview, and value system of a given people. This pattern is clearly manifested in the material of Uzbek folk proverbs, since the proverb is a compact and stable linguistic-cultural form shaped by the centuries-long collective experience of popular thought. The question of the interrelation between language and culture has a long scholarly tradition, running from W. von Humboldt’s classical idea that “language is the mirror of the national spirit” [1] to the linguoculturological theories of V.N. Teliya and V.V. Vorobyov [2], and it is precisely on this theoretical foundation that the present study rests.
HAMID ISMAILOV AND HIS CONTRIBUTION TO THE LITERATURE
This work explores literary works of Hamid Ismailov and deeply rooted themes of cultural memory and identity, demonstrating how storytelling preserves Central Asian heritage while addressing the universal human struggle for belonging in the face of political and historical disruption.
THE INFLUENCE OF SHAKESPEAREAN DRAMATIC TECHNIQUES ON AMERICAN THEATRICAL TRADITION
This study investigates the influence of Shakespearean dramatic techniques on the formation and development of American theatrical tradition. The research focuses on the dramatic methods employed by William Shakespeare, particularly in Hamlet, and analyzes how these techniques shaped the artistic and structural evolution of nineteenth century American drama. By examining Shakespeare’s use of soliloquy, monologue, emotional dialogue, characterization, and poetic language, the study demonstrates their lasting impact on American theatrical expression and dramatic realism. The research argues that Shakespearean dramatic principles became an essential foundation for the professionalization of American theater and contributed significantly to the creation of psychologically complex characters and emotionally intense dramatic narratives.
KARDIOANESTEZIOLOGIYA VA REANIMATSIYADA SEPSIS-INDUTSIRLANGAN KARDIOMIOPATIYA: DIAGNOSTIKA VA DAVOLASH STRATEGIYALARI
Ushbu tezisda kardioanesteziologiya va reanimatsiya amaliyotida uchraydigan eng murakkab patologik holatlardan biri hisoblangan sepsis-indutsirlangan kardiomiopatiyaning etiopatogenezi, diagnostik mezonlari va zamonaviy davolash strategiyalari tahlil qilindi. Sepsis natijasida yuzaga keladigan miokard disfunksiyasi intensiv terapiya bo'limlarida o'lim ko'rsatkichlarini sezilarli darajada oshiruvchi asosiy omillardan biri hisoblanadi. Maqolada yurak faoliyatining buzilish mexanizmlari, yallig'lanish mediatorlarining roli, mikrotsirkulyatsiya buzilishlari hamda mitoxondrial disfunksiya haqida zamonaviy ilmiy ma'lumotlar yoritilgan. Shuningdek, ekokardiografiya, biomarkerlar, gemodinamik monitoring va laborator diagnostika imkoniyatlari baholangan. Davolashning asosiy yo'nalishlari sifatida infuzion terapiya, vazopressorlar, inotroplar, mexanik qon aylanishini qo'llab-quvvatlash usullari hamda individual gemodinamik boshqaruv tamoyillari tahlil qilingan. Tadqiqot natijalari intensiv terapiyada erta diagnostika va kompleks davolash bemorlarning yashab qolish ko'rsatkichlarini sezilarli yaxshilashini ko'rsatadi.
OLIY TA'LIMDA TALABALARNING O‘QUV YUTUQLARINI BAHOLASH TIZIMLARINING TURLARI VA RIVOJLANISH BOSQICHLARI
Ushbu tezisda oliy ta'limda talabalarning o‘quv yutuqlarini baholash tizimlarining asosiy turlari, ularning mazmun-mohiyati hamda rivojlanish bosqichlari tahlil qilingan. An'anaviy baholash tizimidan reyting, kompetensiyaviy, kredit-modul (ECTS) va raqamli baholash tizimlariga o‘tish jarayoni ilmiy-nazariy jihatdan yoritilgan. Shuningdek, zamonaviy baholash tizimlarining talabalarning bilim, ko‘nikma va kompetensiyalarini xolis baholashdagi o‘rni hamda oliy ta'lim sifatini oshirishdagi ahamiyati asoslab berilgan.
METHODS AND TECHNIQUES OF IMPLEMENTING TASK – BASED LEARNING IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE CLASSES
Task-Based Learning (TBL) has become one of the most effective approaches in modern foreign language teaching. This approach emphasizes the completion of meaningful tasks that promote communication and interaction among learners. The present paper discusses the major methods and techniques used in implementing Task-Based Learning in foreign language classrooms and highlights their role in developing students’ communicative competence.
KONSTITUTSIYADA MEHNAT QILISH HUQUQINING KAFOLATLARI VA ULARNI AMALGA OSHIRISH MEXANIZMLARI
Mazkur maqolada yangi tahrirdagi O’zbekiston Respublikasi Konstitutsiyasida mustahkamlangan mehnat qilish huquqining kafolatlari va ularni amalga oshirish mexanizmlari tahlil qilinadi. Unda Konstitutsiyaning 42-moddasida belgilangan munosib mehnat qilish, kasb va faoliyat turini erkin tanlash, qulay mehnat sharoitlarida ishlash, adolatli haq olish hamda ishsizlikdan himoyalanish huquqlari yoritib beriladi. Shuningdek, majburiy mehnat taqiqi, dam olish huquqi, ayollar va voyaga yetmaganlar mehnatini himoya qilish normalari hamda ushbu kafolatlarni ta’minlashning qonunchilik, sud, ma’muriy va nazorat mexanizmlari ko’rib chiqiladi. Maqolada mehnat huquqlarini himoya qilish tizimini takomillashtirish yuzasidan takliflar ishlab chiqiladi.
DEBAT VA MUNOZARA METODLARINING KOMMUNIKATIV KOMPETENSIYALARNI RIVOJLANTIRISHDAGI O‘RNI
Mazkur tezisda debat va munozara metodlarining ta’lim oluvchilarda kommunikativ kompetensiyani rivojlantirish imkoniyatlari tahlil qilinadi. Ushbu metodlarning fikrni mantiqiy va dalillarga tayangan holda bayon etish, suhbatdoshni tinglash, savol berish, qarama-qarshi nuqtai nazarni hurmat qilish hamda jamoada hamkorlik qilish ko‘nikmalarini shakllantirishdagi o‘rni yoritiladi. Debat va munozarani samarali tashkil etishning pedagogik shartlari ham ko‘rsatib beriladi.
QISHLOQ XO’JALIK KORXONALARDA NOMODDIY AKTIVLAR HISOBINI TAKOMILLASHTIRISH
Mazkur ilmiy maqolada nomoddiy aktivlarning buxgalteriya hisobi va uni moliyaviy hisobotning xalqaro standartlari asosida hisob jarayonini tashkil etish sharoitida takomillashtirishning dolzarb masalalari yoritilgan. Korxonalarda nomoddiy aktivlar hisobini takomillashtirish boʻyicha takliflar va tavsiyalar berilgan.
KORXONALARDA XALQARO STANDARTLAR ASOSIDA NOMODDIY AKTIVLAR TAN OLISH MASALALARI
Maqolada nomoddiy aktivlar hisobini halqaro standartlar asosida tashkil etish masalalri, nomoddiy aktivlarning turlari, ularni tan olish mezonlari hamda hisobda to’g’ri aks ettirish masalalari yoritilgan.
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF INTERNET SLANG AND MEME VOCABULARY IN SOCIAL MEDIA DISCOURSE IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK
This thesis examines the use of internet slang and meme vocabulary in English and Uzbek social media discourse. In recent years, digital communication has significantly influenced language development, creating new forms of expression that differ from traditional norms. Internet slang and memes have become key elements of online interaction, allowing users to communicate ideas quickly, creatively, and effectively. The study focuses on the comparative analysis of these elements in two different linguistic and cultural environments. It explores how internet users in English-speaking and Uzbek-speaking communities use slang and memes to express emotions, humor, and social attitudes.
SPEECH ACTS AS A CENTRAL CATEGORY OF PRAGMATIC THEORY
This article examines speech acts as one of the central categories of pragmatic theory and analyzes their role in the study of language as social action. The paper discusses the theoretical foundations of speech act theory, primarily associated with the works of J. L. Austin and J. R. Searle, and explains how utterances function not only as carriers of information but also as instruments for performing actions such as requesting, promising, apologizing, declaring, and advising. Special attention is given to Austin’s distinction between locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary acts, as well as to Searle’s classification of illocutionary acts into assertives, directives, commissives, expressives, and declarations.