DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS: CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE AND INNOVATIONS IN THE 2024 MCDONALD REVISIONS
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Keywords

Multiple Sclerosis, McDonald Criteria 2024, κ-FLC, MRI biomarkers, central vein sign, optic nerve, paramagnetic rim lesions, diagnostic specificity.

Abstract

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, immune-mediated demyelinating and neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system (CNS), characterized by multifocal lesions disseminated in both time and space. Early and accurate diagnosis is essential to initiate disease-modifying therapy (DMT), reduce long-term disability, and ensure reliable patient stratification in research and clinical trials.

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