EARLY BLOOD BIOMARKERS FOT THE DIAGNOSIS OF ALZHEIMER’S: A MODERN APPROACH TO NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE DETECTION

Аннотация

Alzheimer’s Disease represents the most common form of dementia and is one of the leading causes of disability among the elderly population worldwide. The disease is characterized by progressive cognitive decline, memory impairment, and behavioral disturbances that significantly affect patients’ quality of life. Because neuropathological changes begin decades before the onset of clinical symptoms, early detection has become a central objective in modern neurological research. Traditional diagnostic methods such as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarker analysis and neuroimaging techniques provide valuable information but remain expensive, invasive, and limited in availability.

Recent advances in biomedical technology have led to the development of blood-based biomarkers that can detect early pathological processes associated with Alzheimer’s disease.

Among the most promising biomarkers are amyloid-beta peptides, phosphorylated tau proteins, and neurofilament light chain. These biomarkers reflect key pathological mechanisms including amyloid plaque formation, tau protein hyperphosphorylation, and neuronal degeneration. This article provides a comprehensive review of current evidence regarding plasma biomarkers for early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. The study examines the diagnostic value, clinical significance, and potential limitations of major biomarkers including Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio, p-tau181, p-tau217, and neurofilament light chain. In addition, future perspectives on integrating blood biomarkers with neuroimaging and artificial intelligence-based diagnostic systems are discussed. The findings suggest that blood biomarkers represent a promising, minimally invasive, and cost-effective approach for early detection and monitoring of neurodegenerative diseases.