Ключевые слова
Аннотация
This review summarizes the anatomy, cellular physiology, neural pathways and central processing of the auditory system. Peripheral structures (outer, middle and inner ear), mechanoelectrical transduction by hair cells, cochlear mechanics and frequency mapping are described. Ascending auditory pathways from the cochlear nerve through brainstem nuclei to the auditory cortex are outlined, including parallel processing of timing and intensity cues.
Clinical aspects such as hearing loss types, diagnostic methods (audiometry, otoacoustic emissions, auditory brainstem responses), and current therapeutic and rehabilitative approaches (hearing aids, cochlear implants, pharmacological and gene therapies) are discussed. Emerging directions in auditory neuroscience, including hair cell regeneration, optogenetic stimulation and brain–computer auditory interfaces, are highlighted.
Библиографические ссылки
Buck LB, Axel R. A novel multigene family may encode odorant receptors: a molecular basis for odor recognition. Cell. 1991;65(1):175–187. Note: odorant reference retained for general receptor context
Hudspeth AJ. How the ear's works work. Nature. 1989;341(6241):397–404.
Liberman MC. The cochlear frequency map for the cat: labeling auditory-nerve fibers of known characteristic frequency. J Acoust Soc Am. 1978;64(6):1442–1448.
Dallos P. The active cochlea. J Neurosci. 1992;12(12):4575–4585.
Wangemann P. Supporting sensory transduction: cochlear fluid homeostasis and the endocochlear potential. J Physiol. 2002;538(Pt 1):11–21.
Pickles JO. An introduction to the physiology of hearing. 4th ed. Brill; 2012.
Moore BCJ. An introduction to the psychology of hearing. 6th ed. Brill; 2013.
Kujawa SG, Liberman MC. Adding insult to injury: cochlear nerve degeneration after "temporary" noise-induced hearing loss. J Neurosci. 2009;29(45):14077–14085.
Stakhovskaya O, Sridhar D, Bonham BH, Leake PA. Frequency-map and responses in primary auditory cortex: implications for cochlear implant stimulation. Hear Res. 2007;221(1–2):104–117.
Zeng FG, Rebscher S, Harrison W, Sun X, Feng H. Cochlear implants: system design, integration, and evaluation. IEEE Rev Biomed Eng. 2008;1:115–142.