Abstract
Osteomyelitis is a severe inflammatory and infectious disease affecting bone and bone marrow, commonly caused by bacterial pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus. It typically develops from hematogenous spread, direct inoculation during trauma or surgery, or contiguous spread from adjacent soft tissue infections. Despite advances in surgical techniques and antimicrobial therapy, osteomyelitis remains a significant clinical challenge due to its chronic nature, high recurrence rates, and ability of microorganisms to form biofilms on bone surfaces. These biofilms protect bacteria from host immune mechanisms and reduce antibiotic penetration, complicating therapeutic outcomes. Delayed diagnosis, antibiotic resistance, impaired vascularity, and comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus further complicate the prognosis. Considering the clinical burden and potential complications including sepsis, limb deformities, and bone necrosis, effective treatment strategies and postoperative preventive measures are essential for long-term patient recovery and maintenance of musculoskeletal integrity.
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