ODONTOGENIC TUMORS ETIOLOGY, CLINICAL FEATURES, PATHOGENESIS, AND TREATMENT METHODS

Abstract

Odontogenic tumors are a diverse group of lesions originating from the tooth-forming apparatus with varying clinical behaviors, histopathological features, and treatment outcomes. This comprehensive study reviews the etiology, clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, and current treatment modalities of odontogenic tumors based on a retrospective analysis of 120 patients diagnosed over ten years. The etiology involves genetic mutations, environmental factors, and disruptions in odontogenesis signaling pathways. Clinically, these tumors often present as painless swellings, predominantly affecting the mandible, with ameloblastoma being the most common type. Radiographic and histopathological examinations remain essential for accurate diagnosis, while immunohistochemical markers such as Ki-67 provide insights into tumor proliferation potential. Treatment strategies depend on tumor type and aggressiveness, ranging from conservative enucleation to radical resection. Despite various approaches, ameloblastomas exhibit the highest recurrence rates, underscoring the need for careful surgical planning and long-term follow-up. Emerging molecular targeted therapies offer promising adjuncts to conventional treatment. The study highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary approach combining clinical, radiological, histopathological, and molecular data to optimize patient outcomes. Continued research into molecular pathogenesis and personalized therapies is essential to improve prognosis and reduce recurrence in odontogenic tumors.