Keywords
Abstract
Kiberjinoyatlar bugungi kunda davlat chegaralarini juda tez kesib o‘tmoqda va ularni tergov qilish jarayonida zarur bo‘ladigan raqamli izlar, ya’ni elektron dalillar, ko‘pincha boshqa mamlakat hududida saqlanadi. Bunday dalillar o‘z vaqtida saqlab qolinmasa, ular butunlay yo‘qolib ketishi mumkin. Shu sababli, elektron dalillarni tezkor saqlash va davlatlar o‘rtasida samarali almashish uchun xalqaro hamkorlik alohida ahamiyat kasb etadi. Mazkur maqolaning asosiy maqsadi — mamlakatlar o‘rtasida elektron dalillarni shoshilinch tarzda saqlash va almashish jarayoniga to‘sqinlik qilayotgan asosiy huquqiy muammolarni aniqlashdan iborat. Tadqiqot davomida Budapesht konvensiyasi, 2024-yilda qabul qilingan yangi BMT Kiberjinoyat konvensiyasi, Yevropa Ittifoqi qonunchiligi hamda turli xalqaro tashkilotlar hisobotlari kabi rasmiy manbalar o‘rganilib, ular o‘zaro taqqoslandi.
Tahlillar natijasida to‘rtta asosiy muammo aniqlangan. Birinchidan, o‘zaro huquqiy yordamning an’anaviy tizimi raqamli dalillar bilan ishlash uchun haddan tashqari sekin ishlaydi. Ikkinchidan, davlatlar chet el hududida saqlanayotgan ma’lumotlarga kirish masalasida yagona yondashuvga ega emas. Uchinchidan, davlat suvereniteti bilan ma’lumotlarni saqlovchi xususiy kompaniyalar zimmasidagi majburiyatlar o‘rtasida ziddiyat mavjud. To‘rtinchidan, ko‘plab davlatlarda zarur texnik imkoniyatlar va tayyorgarlik yetishmasligi sababli mavjud huquqiy mexanizmlardan to‘liq foydalanilmayapti. Shu asosda, tadqiqot davlatlar o‘rtasida o‘zaro huquqiy yordam mexanizmlarini soddalashtirish, yangi xalqaro huquqiy hujjatlarni kengroq joriy etish hamda rivojlanayotgan mamlakatlarga texnik va institutsional yordamni kuchaytirish zarurligini asoslab beradi.
References
Council of Europe, Convention on Cybercrime (ETS 185), Budapest, 23 November 2001.
Council of Europe, Second Additional Protocol to the Convention on Cybercrime on enhanced co operation and disclosure of elektronic evidence (CETS 224), Strasbourg, 12 May 2022.
Council of Europe, Cybercrime: towards a new legal tool on elektronic evidence, 2016.
Eurojust, Challenges and best practices from Eurojust’s casework in the area of cybercrime, 2020.
Eurojust, Cybercrime Judicial Monitor, Issue 5, 2019.
Franssen, V. and Tosza, S., “Unresolved Jurisdictional Issues in Law Enforcement Access to Data,” in The Cambridge Handbook of Digital Evidence in Criminal Investigations, Cambridge University Press, 2025 (open access preprint).
Naeem AllahRakha, “Jurisdiction and Due Process Challenges in Addressing Cross Border Cybercrime,” Jurnal ADLIYA, vol. 18, no. 2, 2024.
Regulation (EU) 2023/1543 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 July 2023 on European Production Orders and European Preservation Orders for elektronic evidence.
Directive (EU) 2023/1544 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 July 2023 on designated establishments and legal representatives.
United Nations, United Nations Convention against Cybercrime (A/RES/79/…), adopted December 2024.
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), University Module Series: Cybercrime, Module 6, Handling of Digital Evidence, 2025.
U.S. Congress, Clarifying Lawful Overseas Use of Data (CLOUD) Act, Public Law 115-141, 2018.